Chemistry in my daily life

eternal flame

2009-07-28T18:08:00.000-07:00

Most people would use a lighter or a match to start a fire. Matches allow for a portable, easy-to-use source of fire. Many chemical reactions generate heat and fire, but matches are a fairly recent invention. Matches are also an invention you probably wouldn't choose to duplicate if civilization ended today or you were stranded on a desert island. The chemicals involved in modern matches are generally safe, but that wasn't always the case. The material of making a matches is red phosphorus.

A chemical equation of lighting a match is:

16KCl₃ + 3P₄ S₃ --> 16 KCl + 9SO₂

Actually phosphorus is found in three main forms: white, red, and black. (There are also numerous allotropes of each of these forms.)

White phosphorus is a soft, waxy, flammable substance, consisting of tetrahedral P₄ molecules; it is often slightly yellowish because of the presence of impurities (hence, it is sometimes imaginatively known as yellow phosphorus). White phosphorus is highly reactive, and spontaneously ignites at about 30°C in moist air. It is usually stored under water, to prevent exposure to the air. It is also extremely toxic, even in very small quantities. It produces severe gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, and liver damage. It also causes burns when it comes in contact with skin. Chronic exposure to white phosphorus causes bony necrosis (especially of the jaw, a condition called "phossy-jaw") and anemia. White phosphorus should be handled with gloves! This procedure must be performed in a fume hood!

Black phosphorus is the least reactive form, and has little commercial value, but can be converted to white phosphorus by heating it under pressure.

Red phosphorus is stable at room temperature, but can be converted to the more reactive white phosphorus by heat, sunlight, or friction. Red phosphorus is used on the strike surface of the box that safety matches are stored in; the friction caused by dragging the match head across the rough surface converts some of the red phosphorus to white phosphorus, which spontaneously ignites, causing the match head to ignite. Red phosphorus is also used in fireworks, and other explosives.

the red phosphorus' structure

the molecule of red phosphorus

Take a little red phosphorus in a deflagrating spoon. Heat it over the flame of burner till it catches fir How does it burn in air Introduce the deflagrating spoon containing burningphosphorus into a gas jar of oxygen. Phosphorus burns in oxygen according to the following chemical equation :

4P + 50₂ = 2P₂0₅

Phosphorus + Oxygen ------> Phosphorus pentoxide

Without the flame, the world will loss it's glory, we wouldn't taste the delicious cooked food. We wouldn't have the candle light in church or while there is no electric. So, let the flame be eternal, our glory also be eternal!!

The crystal clear water with chlorine

2009-07-28T00:11:00.000-07:00

Water in lakes, swamps, streams and rivers often contain impurities that make it look and smell bad. The impurities included suspended particles, dissolved inorganic such as Carbon dioxide, which dissolves in water to give weakly acidic carbonic acid, Sodium salts, Silicates leached from sandy river beds, Ferrous and ferric iron compounds derived from minerals and rusty iron pipes, Chlorides from saline intrusion, Aluminum from dosing chemicals and minerals, Phosphates from detergents, Nitrates from fertilizers, pyrogen, microorganism and bacteria that can cause disease and sickness. So, water from most surface water sources must be cleaned before it can be consumed.

Water treatments plants typically clean water by taking it through the following process: Aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.

The filtration of water can be completed even without disinfection but this water is not allowed to drink.

To disinfect water, some harsh chemicals are able to add in to make sure the drinking water to be safe after production.

Chlorine

The pure chemical element has the physical form of a diatomic green gas. The name chlorine is derived from chloros, meaning green, referring to the color of the gas. Chlorine gasis two and one half times as heavy as air, has an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and is exceedingly poisonous. In its liquid and solid form it is a powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent.

When chlorine is added to water, underchloric acids form:

Cl₂+ H₂O -> HOCl + H⁺+ Cl^-

Depending on the pH value, underchloric acid partly expires to hypochlorite ions:
Cl₂+ 2H₂O -> HOCl + H3O + Cl^-
HOCl + H₂O -> H₃O⁺+ OCl^-

This falls apart to chlorine and oxygen atoms:
OCl^--> Cl^-+ O

Underchloric acid (HOCl, which is electrically neutral) and hypochlorite ions (OCl^-, electrically negative) will form free chlorine when bound together. This results in disinfection. Both substances have very distinctive behaviour. Underchloric acid is more reactive and is a stronger disinfectant than hypochlorite. Underchloric acid is split into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and atomair oxygen (O). The oxygen atom is a powerful disinfectant. The disinfecting properties of chlorine in water are based on the oxidising power of the free oxygen atoms and on chlorine substitution reactions.

The figure shows that the neutral underchloric acid can better penetrate cell walls of pathogenic microorganisms that the negatively charged hypochlorite ion

The cell wall of pathogenic microorganisms is negatively charged by nature. As such, it can be penetrated by the neutral underchloric acid, rather than by the negatively charged hypochlorite ion. Underchloric acid can penetrate slime layers, cell walls and protective layers of microorganisms and effectively kills pathogens as a result. The microorganisms will either die or suffer from reproductive failure.

After the disinfection of water, the water only can be drunk safely

Enjoy the crystal clear water in your daily life with healthy

The most rigid beauty

2009-07-21T07:28:00.000-07:00

The ultimate gemstone, the hardest substance that found in the world, symbolize last forever and make every female crush on her glamorous. That is

DIAMOND!!

The structure and structural formula of Diamond

Diamond is extremely strong due to the structure of its carbon atoms, where each carbon atom has four neighbors joined to it with covalent bonds.

Cubic diamonds have a perfect and easy octahedral cleavage, which means that they have four planes—weak directions following the faces of the octahedron where there are fewer bonds—along which diamond can easily split upon blunt impact to leave a smooth surface. Similarly, diamond's hardness is markedly directional: the hardest direction is the diagonal on the cube face, 100 times harder than the softest direction, which is the dodecahedral plane.

Diamond Color Grades

Colorless diamonds and diamonds

that are yellow or yellowish brown are grouped into the categories shown below. These grades do not apply to fancy colored diamonds--they have their own color grading standards.

D-E-F Colorless.

G-H-I-J Nearly colorless.

K-L-M Faintly tinted, usually yellow.

N-O-P-Q-R Lightly tinted, usually yellow. Tint can be seen with the naked eye.

S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Tinted, usually yellow, may progress to brownish. Tint visible to the naked eye, even when mounted.

So, the conclusion is, D,E,F are the best grade of diamond.

This video shown us the structure of diamond and arrangement of the bond between bond is very tidy.

The conclusion is, diamond is the prettiest and hardest substance in the nature on this world.

How garlic chase VAMPIRE away???

2009-06-16T07:06:00.001-07:00

What a joke if let's say the vampire is scared by the smell of garlic breathe and been chased away...

In facts, garlic is full of sulphorous compounds. These compounds "feed" the bacteria in the mouth and bad breath (halitosis) which called garlic breathe is caused.

The sulphorous compound is called Allicin. Allicin is synthesised from alliin when garlic is crushed or bruised. Allicin is an oily, yellow liquid, which gives garlic its characteristic odour which is due to the SO group.

The structure formula of allicin and the model of allicin. (C6 H10 O S2 )

Allicin being a strongly oxidising compound, it protects garlic from attack by bacteria and insects by disabling the enzymes that are found in the substrate necessary for infections to occur, thus acting as a natural insecticide. It does so by attacking the SH groups found on their active sites. This is also the case for proteinases and alcohol dehydrogenases, enzymes that promote invasion and infection of bacteria in the human body. It is therefore believed that allicin is a good natural cure-all. Studies show that prolonged exposure to this chemical can have such benefits as: lowering incidence of stomach cancer, lenghtening of blood clotting times and reduction of blood lipid levels, can slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol, which is what would be expected of an organic molecule containing OH. It decomposes on heating. In the body, it oxidises the haemoglobin in the blood to methemoglobin.

Allicin also belongs to the family of phytochemicals, which are believed to be useful in cancer treatement and cure. Studies are under way to test their effectiveness. Other studies, however appear to show that it is not the allicin but also other chemicals present in garlic which lead to these properties.

However, the garlic cause the garlic breathe after you chew it.

Just like the picture show that and i mentioned about the how the compound in garlic cause halitosis.

So, does there any way to get rid of garlic breathe after you consume garlic??

Is it pinching anyone's nose like this when talking to you??

Haha! Absolutely nope, but if you would like to do so, nobody would stop you except the one who pinched by you =p

There have many methods to reduce the halitosis after consume garlic such as:

Eat parsley with the meal. This seems to counteract the problem to some extent, although it doesn't prevent it completely. It's probably no coincidence that many garlic recipes also contain parsley. However it is not enough just to sprinkle in a teaspoon of dried parsley when cooking. To get the effect you need to chew at least one sprig of fresh parsley, preferably more. Ideally this should be chopped and added near the end of cooking.
Some people also claim that chewing cardamon seeds has a similar effect to parsley and can work as a garlic breath remedy. Cardamon has a very strong flavour so this might not be an option for some people.

Drinking milk or yogurt (something that contains milk fat), it will combine with the allicin which cause halitosis and follow your saliva flow to your stomach.

Chewing apple also a method but it seem like not very efficient.

Perhaps the best solution to the garlic induced bad breath problem is to ensure that you surround yourself with friends who are also garlicophiles! That's my method!

Go away and archieve your health by consuming garlic.

And no more embarassed to comunicate with others, even kissing...

So........

Garlicophile, enjoy your kissing!!

Let's Save The World

2009-06-06T05:02:00.000-07:00

I am living in Selayang.
Its a long distance to come and back from Cheras to my home...
Killing time about 2 hours per journey， its quite tired to rush to school everyday, and consume my vigour too!!
So that i am living in my aunt's home who is just living in Segar Perdana(near UCSI)...
My aunt like to explore new things and try something new..
Recently, she making a very gismo and fangle thingy called Garbage Enzyme!!
She said the Garbage Enzyme is very useful in our daily life..
Adding somemore Garbage Enzyme into our daily necessity such as shampoo, body wash, something tat can mop the floor and clean the dishes (dont know wat should it called), can remove the chemical subtances or effects.
Sounds like very interested and curious about this new discovery, hehe!!

Erm, what actually Garbage Enzyme is??
Garbage Enzyme is a complex organic substance of protein chains and mineral salts and juvenile hormones which discovered by Dr Rosukon.
The dicovery of Garbage Enzyme in our world just like the appearance of superman in the world that destroying by monsters, means SAVING THE WORLD!!!

Functions of Garbage Enzyme
- resolve / decompose
- transform / change
- compose / make up / combine
- catalysis
As a result of catalysis, ozone is produced which can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and this in turn reduces global warming.

This enzyme can be produced easily with the organic waste from our kitchens.

During enzyme production, O3 + NO3 + CO3 are generated and these could help purify and whiten the clouds in the sky. Those clouds that trap lots of heavy metals appear dark. Those dark clouds cause more heat to be trapped on earth due to the greenhouse effect. O3 (ozone) from the garbage enzymes could reduce the heavy metals in the clouds and this would reduce global warming.

O3 structural formula

More NO3 (nitrite) in the air is useful as nutrients for the plants and the soils.

Garbage enzyme is the solution to recover our ozone layer and lower the global temperature. Come and discover how you can change your kitchen waste to useful enzyme. Garbage enzyme can be use as natural households cleaner, air purifier, insecticide, detergent, body care, car care, organic fertilizer and many more. If everyone of us reduce 45% of garbage than we don’t need to have more landfill around us.

Aiyaya, almost forgot to intro how to make the Garbage Enzyme..
This is the procedure =]
The all ingredients that u have to prepare ( really a very easy way) ( for the large oil bottle size):
1. Sugar (black sugar prefered) 300gram

2. Organic waste ( fruits prefered because vege will produce smelly gas) 900gram

3. Water 3litre

Therefore, ferment in a air-tight bottle...
If you are using the soft drink bottle, then you are adviced to open the cover of the bottle everyday to let the gas escape!!

The product (actually still not the product yet, still have 3 months have to wait)

The 10 Good Points about Garbage Enzyme
1. Clean our air: During catalyst - produce O3, not only can kill bacteria, but will increase the oxygen in the air. Mix 1:500-1000 enzyme of dilution, put it in a spray bottle, spray to the air will keep the air clean, eliminate bad odor!

2. Keep the Toilet Clean: use Garbage enzyme to wash the toilet, can prevent clogs, destroy harmful bacteria, dirt and clog will break down by the enzyme. Repels mosquito, cockroach and rats.

3. Keep Our Homes Clean: Add 2 table spoon of garbage enzyme in the floor cleaning water will clean the floor and kill bacteria.

4. Keep the Kitchen Clean: Use the diluted garbage enzyme to clean cooker hood, stove top, oven......kitchen ware, can effectively clean out the most stubborn stain.

5. Keep the Clothes Clean: soak the clothes with small amount of garbage enzyme, can reduce the detergent, and will make the washing procedure easy and soften the clothes.

6. Clean Veggie: When washing fruits and vegetables, add a small amount of garbage enzyme, clears pesticides - safer to eat.

7. Skin Care: Add 1:10 of diluted garbage enzyme to shampoo, shower gel, dish washer, detergent, can reduce the usage, and neutralize harmful chemical toxins, prevent skin allergies to our body. Use garbage enzyme to soak our body will improve skin problem, and make our skin silky soft! Do not dilute in hot water destroy enzyme

8. Pet Care: Use diluted garbage enzyme to clean your pet, spray their house, will neutralize pet odor and make your pet grow healthy, even growing more hair!

9. Vehicle Care: add a small amount of garbage enzyme to your vehicles water box, will cool down the engine, lengthen the car usage, spray in the car will neutralize bad odor.

10. Natural Fertilizer: diluted garbage enzyme 500-1000 times, use to water the plants, flowers, trees. Makes very good fertilizer and help the plants to grow. Water the empty land for 3 consecutive months to change the soil to good quality.

The usage of the Garbage Enzyme:

DILUTION RATE # USAGE # QUANTITY # APPLICATION

Bath (add in bath water to improves skin condition) # 50~100cc # Keep
overnight
Washing machine (clean and soften laundry) # 20-50cc # Soak and wash
Concentrated # Toilet bowl (prevent blockage & purify sewage) # 250cc #
Pour and flush
Enzyme # Toilet cistern (purify water) # 20-50cc (two caps) # 2-3 times/
weeks
Garden pond & water tank (purify water) # 1/10,000 litre water # Add
occasionally
Leather sofa (clean mold or stain) # Appropriate amount # Spray and
wipe every 10 days
Carpet & tatami mat (deodorize & antiseptic) # Slightly moist # Spray 1-2
times/month
Shoe, inside the car (deodorize & antiseptic) # Appropriate amount #
Spray occasionally
10-50 times # Kitchen sink, stove, cooker hood (clean oily stain)
Appropriate amount # Soak and wipe occasionally#
Black mold (antifungal) # Appropriate amount # Soak and wipe
occasionally
Pet excretion, pet house (deodorize & antiseptic) # Appropriate amount #
Spray occasionally

For shampoo, dish wash, laundry liquid etc: use enzyme to reduce
chemical toxicity.
Ratio = 1 part enzyme : 1 part detergent/cleaner : 10 parts water
Washing vegetables: Add 30ml (2 tbsp) enzyme to 1 litre water. Soak for
45 minutes.
Floor cleaning: Add 30ml (2 tbsp) enzyme to moping water. To clean and
sterilize.
Car care: Add 30ml (2 tbsp) enzyme to water tank to reduce car
temperature.

Its really, to save our world by making this thingy.
Reducing the waste products, Releasing more O3 =]
If everyone can turn their garbage to enzyme, we will protect our
Ozone, and live in a pollution free environment, food will free from toxin.
Garbage enzyme can use in every household
If every family use garbage enzyme to replace chemical cleaning products,
Then there will be more garbage enzyme flow down to our drainage
system, cleanse our rivers and seas, save our earth.

Turning our garbage to gold is very easy, good for us ALL!
Please start doing it now and at the same time save money on expensive
chemical cleaners!